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Homosexual transsexual, synonymous with androphilic transsexual, is a term that has been and controversially continues to be used by various sexologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists to describe trans women who are exclusively attracted to men, and less often trans men who are attracted to women. The concept of taxonomically categorizing trans women by sexual orientation originated with Magnus Hirschfeld in 1923, and was further posited by Harry Benjamin in 1966 as a component of the Benjamin scale. The specific term ''homosexual transsexual'' was coined by Kurt Freund in 1973, and used from 1982 onward by him and others, notably Ray Blanchard, as part of a two-type taxonomy of male-to-female transsexuality. This taxonomy has subsequently evolved into, and is in the present day referred to, as Blanchard's transsexualism typology. In the DSM III, published in 1980, transsexualism was to be diagnosed and the sexual orientation of a transsexual specified using the terms ''homosexual'', ''heterosexual'', ''asexual'', or unspecified. This convention had its origins in the taxonomic work of researchers like Hirschfeld, Benjamin, and Freund and the fact that grouping trans women by sexual orientation reveals important qualitative and statistical differences between them, and that said differences have been maintained by various researchers as indicative or suggestive of multiple, distinct etiologies. The term ''homosexual transsexual'' has since been used in publications by a variety of academics, including Benjamin, Freund, Blanchard, and Anne Lawrence, as well as J. Michael Bailey and James Cantor, among others. The term ''homosexual transsexual'' has been criticized from a lexical standpoint by Benjamin, Bruce Bagemihl, and John Bancroft (though supported ''conceptually'' by the former two), as being confusing, as well as insensitive to the gender identities of those whom it is intended to describe. The alternatives ''androphilic'' and ''gynephilic'' have been proposed by Milton Diamond as descriptors for sexual orientation that do not make assumptions about the sex or gender identity of the person being described. Terms such as ''androphilia'' and ''gynephilia'' are sometimes used instead of, or concurrently with, ''homosexual'', ''heterosexual'', or ''non-homosexual'' in current research, such as research which has used the Modified Androphilia Scale to assess the attraction to men of a given trans woman. S. J. Whang contended in 2004 that the term ''homosexual transsexual'' is "archaic". Though the term ''transsexuality'' was removed as a mental disorder from the DSM-IV and was replaced with gender identity disorder as a diagnostic label, attraction to males, females, both, or neither remains specified in the DSM IV-TR. Most research of the research on homosexual transsexuality has been conducted on trans women. They are usually socioeconomically disadvantaged, born later in a series of brothers, are unlikely to display cross-gender fetishism or autogynephilia, and come out at a younger age than non-homosexual trans women. Relatively little research has been done on gender variance in assigned women and the prevalence of female-to-male gender identity disorder (GID) is less than that of male-to-female GID. ==Development of the concept== The term ''homosexual'' transsexual was defined by Kurt Freund in 1974, and is used by various sexologists and psychiatrists to describe trans women who are attracted to men,〔Freund K, Nagler E, Langevin R, Zajac A, Steiner B (1974). Measuring feminine gender identity in homosexual males. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Volume 3, Number 3 / May, 1974, pp. 249-260.〕〔Person ES, Ovesey L (1974). The Psychodynamics of Male Transsexualism. In Friedman RC, Richart RM, and Vande Wiele LR (eds.) ''Sex Differences in Behavior, '' pp. 315-331. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9780471280538〕 though occasionally they use it to describe trans men who are attracted to women. The concept of a taxonomy based on transsexual sexuality was first proposed by physician Magnus Hirschfeld in 1922,〔Hirschfeld M (1922). "Sexualpathologie", German〕 and codified by endocrinologist Harry Benjamin in the Benjamin Scale in 1966,〔Benjamin H (1966). ''(The Transsexual Phenomenon. )'' The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76〕〔(The Transsexual Phenomenon Chapter 2 table 1 )〕 which was published in the influential book "The Transsexual Phenomenon".〔 Benjamin wrote that researchers of his day thought that attraction to men, as a woman was the factor that distinguished a transvestite from a transsexual.〔 "The transvestite - they say - is a man, feels himself to be one, is heterosexual, and merely wants to dress as a woman. The transsexual feels himself to be a woman ("trapped in a man’s body") and is attracted to men."(Benjamin 1966).〔 Homosexuality was removed as a mental disorder from the DSM-II, the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association, the most widely used diagnostic manual worldwide.〔 〕 Ego-dystonic homosexuality was retained as a diagnosis for those who are caused distress by their sexual orientation.〔 In 1980 in the DSM III, a new diagnosis was introduced, that of "302.5 Transsexualism" under "Other Psychosexual Disorders". This was an attempt to provide a diagnostic category for gender identity disorders; the others included were "302.3 Transvestism" and "302.8 Fetishism". The diagnostic category, "transsexualism", was for gender dysphoric individuals who demonstrated at least two years of continuous interest in transforming their physical and social gender status. The subtypes were 1. asexual, 2. homosexual (same anatomic sex), 3. heterosexual (other anatomic sex) and 0. unspecified.〔 Physician and sexologist Kurt Freund proposed two types of cross-gender identity in 1982, based on his observation that gender identity disorder is different for homosexual males and heterosexual males. Subsequently, this term appeared in the DSM-III-R, but not in the DSM IV in which gender identity disorder replaced transsexualism.〔 Sexologists quantitatively measure sexual orientation using psychological personality test or they rely on self reports. Blanchard and Freund used the Masculine Identity in Females (MGI), and the Modified Androphilia Scale. Homosexual transsexuals averaged a Kinsey scale measurement of 5–6 or a 9.86 ± 2.37 on the Modified Androphilia Scale.〔 S.J. Whang wrote in 2004 that homosexual transsexual appeared in the DSM III-R, and that he considered it archaic (see next section).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Homosexual transsexual (term)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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